System Design

Building Robust API Rate Limiters in PHP: From Scratch to Production # In the modern landscape of web development, APIs are the circulatory system of the internet. However, an unprotected API is a ticking time bomb. Whether it’s a malicious DDoS attack, a buggy client script sending infinite loops, or simply a viral moment that spikes your traffic, your server resources are finite.

Introduction # In the landscape of modern web development, handling payments is the “final boss” for many backend engineers. It requires a confluence of security, reliability, and precision. If a blog post fails to load, it’s an annoyance; if a payment fails (or worse, is double-charged), it’s a business crisis.

In the landscape of 2025, where microservices architectures are denser than ever and AI-driven features demand near-instantaneous inference retrieval, latency is the silent killer of user experience. For Python developers, optimizing I/O-bound operations remains the most effective way to scale applications.

It’s 2025, and in the world of backend development, latency is the new downtime. As Rust continues to dominate the systems programming landscape—powering everything from high-frequency trading platforms to cloud-native microservices—the expectation for sub-millisecond response times has never been higher.

The era of managing EC2 instances for simple API endpoints is long behind us. By 2025, Serverless had firmly established itself not just as a utility for “glue code,” but as a primary architectural pattern for scalable, cost-effective Node.js applications.

In the world of high-performance Node.js applications, the Event Loop is king. But it is also a jealous king—it demands to be free. If you block the Event Loop with heavy computational tasks, image processing, or third-party API calls during an HTTP request, your application’s throughput will plummet.

Introduction # In the landscape of modern backend development, speed isn’t just a luxury—it’s a requirement. As we step into 2026, users expect sub-millisecond response times, and microservices architectures demand robust state management. If your Golang application is hitting the database for every single read request, you are leaving performance on the table and risking scalability bottlenecks.

Introduction # In the world of high-performance backend engineering, latency is the enemy. When a user triggers an action—whether it’s signing up for a service, uploading a massive CSV file, or requesting a report—they expect an immediate response. If your API server blocks while resizing an image or sending a welcome email, you aren’t just hurting User Experience (UX); you are creating a bottleneck that can cripple your infrastructure under load.

Introduction # If you are building a backend in 2025, the database landscape has evolved significantly. The old “MongoDB is for startups, SQL is for enterprise” dichotomy is dead. Today, with the rise of Serverless SQL (like Neon or Supabase), the maturity of JSON capabilities in PostgreSQL, and the strict schema validation options in modern NoSQL, the line has blurred.

In the landscape of modern web development in 2025, user expectations for interactivity are non-negotiable. Whether it’s a financial trading dashboard, a collaborative document editor, or a live gaming server, real-time communication is the backbone of user engagement.